Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract
Rosemary is a member of the mint family. Its common name derives from Latin and translates as “dew of the sea.” Rosemary was used as a spice and folk medicine by Egyptians, Greeks, and Latins cultures, thriving close to the coast, especially in dryer areas throughout the Mediterranean. Rosmarinus officinalis contains a range of health-supporting polyphenols, including diterpenes (e.g., carnosol, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid) and a triterpene called ursolic acid (sometimes referred to as urson, prunol, malol, or 3-beta-3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic-acid). Triterpenes are produced by plants as part of their self-defense mechanism, so tend to concentrate in areas that come in direct contact with the external environment. This is the case with ursolic acid: It was originally identified in the epicuticular waxes of apple peels as early as 1920’s. While all apple peels contain some ursolic acid, the amount varies about 4-fold depending on the variety. Fuji and Smith apple varieties are the best source, with the peel of medium-sized apples containing about 50 mg [1]. Ursolic acid is also found in the peels of other fruits, and in kitchen spice herbs like basil, rosemary, and thyme. Ursolic acid supports a variety of functional areas, many of which overlap with the response to exercise (e.g., support antioxidant defenses, enhance insulin sensitivity, stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, upregulate sirtuins, activate AMPK). One of its more unique functional support areas is as a resistance training mimetic, supporting the development of new muscle fibers and muscle rejuvenation.*
Top Benefits of Rosemary Extract
Supports healthy aging*
Supports muscle structure and function*
Supports mitochondrial efficiency*
Supports antioxidant defenses*
Neurohacker’s Rosemary Extract Sourcing
Rosemary Extract was selected because it’s standardized to contain 50% ursolic acid.
We opted for a rosemary extract for two reasons. Ursolic acid from rosemary extract is what’s been used in human clinical studies. Second, rosemary is complementary to ursolic acid, supporting antioxidant defenses, cellular detoxification and protective functions.
Rosemary Extract Formulating Principles and Rationale
Many polyphenol compounds produce either a threshold response or follow hormetic dosing principles (see Neurohacker Dosing Principles). Because one of the main active compounds in rosemary extract is polyphenol ursolic acid, we expect the extract to have a hormetic range (i.e., a serving range above which results could be poorer). Extrapolating from animal and human experiments, we expect this range to be from about 100 to 450 mg. We have selected a serving towards the lower end of the range because we anticipate it having additive or complementary effects with other polyphenol ingredients.*
Rosemary Extract Key Mechanisms
Supports mitochondrial structure and function*
Supports transcription factors of mitochondrial function and biogenesis (PGC-1α, TFAM)* [2–4]
Supports mitochondrial mass* [2]
Supports ATP production* [2]
Supports electron transport chain performance* [2]
Supports mitochondrial β-oxidation – upregulates PPARα* [5]
Supports citric acid cycle function via upregulation of citrate synthase* [2]
Supports muscle structure and function and exercise performance*
Supports endurance performance* [2,6,7]
Supports muscle strength* [2,6–8]
Supports muscle mass and the size of skeletal muscle fibers* [6,7,9]
Promotes the generation of new muscle fibers* [10,11]
Supports post-exercise recovery and skeletal muscle damage prevention* [12]
Supports muscle cell glucose uptake via AMPK activation* [9,13,14]
Supports insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling in skeletal muscle* [6,9]
Influences lactic acid production* [7]
Supports healthy metabolic function*
Supports glucose regulatory enzymes* [15]
Supports healthy body weight* [6,16,17]
Promotes lean mass* [6,7]
Promotes energy expenditure* [17]
Supports healthy fat accumulation and blood/liver lipid levels* [5,6,8,9,17–19]
Promotes free fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation and influences intracellular fat storage in skeletal muscle cells* [17]
Promotes brown adipose tissue production* [6]
Supports antioxidant defenses*
Supports antioxidant enzymes* [20–25]
Counters reactive oxygen species (ROS) production* [2,21]
Replenishes glutathione (GSH) levels* [18,21]
Supports brain function*
Supports longevity biomarkers in the hypothalamus* [4]
Counters ROS and oxidative stress in the brain* [21,24]
Supports spatial learning and memory (in animals)* [20,24]
Supports neuronal structure* [24]
Influences brain immune signaling* [24]
Supports healthy liver function*
Promotes hepatic autophagy* [5]
Supports xenobiotic detoxification enzymes* [26,27]
Supports hepatic protective functions* [3]
Promotes healthy aging and longevity*
Supports a healthy gut microbiota composition and metabolism* [28]
Supports healthy vascular function [29,30]
Supports healthy immune signaling* [18,23,31]
Supports insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the blood* [8]
Supports SIRT1 and SIRT6* [3,4,30,32,33]
Supports AMPK signaling* [2,9,13,14,17]
Supports "mild" mitochondrial uncoupling via UCP1 and UCP3* [2,6,17]
Supports the expression of Klotho* [3,4]
Counters advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation* [18,34,35]
Influences PARP1 activity* [36]
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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