L-Ornithine (as L-Ornithine Hydrochloride)

L-Ornithine is an amino acid. It is found in the diet and can be produced in the human body, with the combination determining body stores. Meats, nuts, rice, eggs, fish, soybeans and dairy are the best food sources. Ornithine can be taken up by the brain and is found in many other tissues, with its highest concentrations found in connective tissues, such as the skin. L-ornithine is a precursor for the synthesis of L-proline, which is one of the primary amino acids in collagen, the main structural components of connective tissues. It is also involved in the urea cycle, which is important for the removal of excess nitrogen compounds such as ammonia—these can be fatigue-causing metabolites in active tissues, like the brain and muscles—and in the synthesis of polyamines, which are involved in cell growth and tissue healing. L-ornithine is able to influence a number of brain functions, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis signaling, as well as GABA and glutamate pathways, for example.*

TOP BENEFITS OF L-ORNITHINE

Supports brain function *

Supports skin health *

Supports a healthy stress response *

NEUROHACKER’S L-ORNITHINE SOURCING

L-Ornithine Hydrochloride is non-GMO, gluten-free, and vegan.

L-ORNITHINE FORMULATING PRINCIPLES AND RATIONALE

L-ornithine has been used in clinical studies at doses ranging from 200 mg to a few grams. The most common dose, when given alone in recent human studies, has been 400 mg a day. L-ornithine has been complementary with caffeine at a dose of 200 mg L-ornithine in combination with 100 mg caffeine [1]. Based on our review of the research, Neurohacker believes L-ornithine follows a threshold response (see Neurohacker Dosing Principles) when given to healthy people, which means we expect the majority of functional benefits to occur within the 200-400 mg range. We recommend a serving of L-ornithine within this studied range when it is combined with caffeine and used as a nootropic (to be consistent with the human study); however, we may recommend a lower serving if L-ornithine is being used in a formula to augment dietary intake).*

L-ORNITHINE KEY MECHANISMS

Supports healthy brain function* 

Influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis* [2,3]

Supports regulation of growth hormone signaling* [3–5]

Supports healthy behavioral responses to stress* [2,6]

Promotes healthy levels of stress signaling molecules* [2,3,5,7–9]

Supports sleep* [7,10,11]

Promotes healthy melatonin signaling* [5,12]

Supports brain metabolism, oxygen utilization, and neutralization of ammonia* [13–16]

Metabolic precursor for GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter pathways* [17–22]

Supports brain protein synthesis* [23–26]

Promotes skin health*

Supports skin levels of collagen-constituting amino acids* [27]

Supports collagen deposition* [28]

Supports wound repair functions* [28]

Enhances ergogenic actions*

Supports maximal anaerobic exercise performance* [29]

Supports resistance to physical fatigue* [30]

Complementary ingredients*

Caffeine in supporting mood and concentration* [1]

Caffeine in influencing the levels of stress hormone* [1]

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

REFERENCES

[1]A. Misaizu, T. Kokubo, K. Tazumi, M. Kanayama, Y. Miura, Prev Nutr Food Sci 19 (2014) 367–372.

[2]K. Kurata, M. Nagasawa, S. Tomonaga, M. Aoki, S. Akiduki, K. Morishita, D.M. Denbow, M. Furuse, Neurosci. Lett. 506 (2012) 287–291.

[3]D. Evain-Brion, M. Donnadieu, M. Roger, J.C. Job, Clin. Endocrinol. 17 (1982) 119–122.

[4]Y.Y. Ho, J. Nakato, T. Mizushige, R. Kanamoto, M. Tanida, S. Akiduki, K. Ohinata, Food Funct. 8 (2017) 2110–2114.

[5]H. Matsuo, A. Iwamoto, T. Otsuka, Y. Hishida, S. Akiduki, M. Aoki, M. Furuse, S. Yasuo, Chronobiol. Int. 32 (2015) 225–234.

[6]K. Kurata, M. Nagasawa, S. Tomonaga, M. Aoki, K. Morishita, D.M. Denbow, M. Furuse, Nutr. Neurosci. 14 (2011) 243–248.

[7]M. Miyake, T. Kirisako, T. Kokubo, Y. Miura, K. Morishita, H. Okamura, A. Tsuda, Nutr. J. 13 (2014) 53.

[8]T. Kokubo, E. Ikeshima, T. Kirisako, Y. Miura, M. Horiuchi, A. Tsuda, Biopsychosoc. Med. 7 (2013) 6.

[9]K. Kurata, K. Shigemi, S. Tomonaga, M. Aoki, K. Morishita, D.M. Denbow, M. Furuse, Neuroscience 172 (2011) 226–231.

[10]M. Horiuchi, H. Kanesada, T. Miyata, K. Watanabe, A. Nishimura, T. Kokubo, T. Kirisako, Nutr. Res. 33 (2013) 557–564.

[11]K. Omori, Y. Kagami, C. Yokoyama, T. Moriyama, N. Matsumoto, M. Masaki, H. Nakamura, H. Kamasaka, K. Shiraishi, T. Kometani, T. Kuriki, Z.-L. Huang, Y. Urade, Sleep Biol. Rhythms 10 (2012) 38–45.

[12]T. Fukuda, A. Haraguchi, M. Takahashi, T. Nakaoka, M. Fukazawa, J. Okubo, M. Ozaki, A. Kanatome, R. Ohya, Y. Miura, K. Obara, S. Shibata, Chronobiol. Int. 35 (2018) 1445–1455.

[13]I.M. James, A.N. Hamlyn, P.C. Brant, P. Hildrew, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 38 (1975) 214–218.

[14]I.M. James, G. Dorf, S. Hall, H. Michel, D. Dojcinov, G. Gravagne, L. MacDonell, Gut 13 (1972) 551–555.

[15]B.A. Vogels, O.T. Karlsen, M.A. Mass, W.M. Boveé, R.A. Chamuleau, J. Hepatol. 26 (1997) 174–182.

[16]P. Hares, I.M. James, R.M. Pearson, Stroke 9 (1978) 222–224.

[17]R.P. Shank, G.L. Campbell, J. Neurosci. Res. 9 (1983) 47–57.

[18]A. Ginguay, L. Cynober, E. Curis, I. Nicolis, Biology 6 (2017).

[19]N. Seiler, G. Daune-Anglard, Metab. Brain Dis. 8 (1993) 151–179.

[20]G. Daune, N. Seiler, Neurochem. Res. 13 (1988) 69–75.

[21]S.P. Lapinjoki, A.E. Pajunen, A.E. Pulkka, R.S. Piha, Neurochem. Res. 7 (1982) 645–655.

[22]Y. Yoneda, E. Roberts, G.W. Dietz Jr, J. Neurochem. 38 (1982) 1686–1694.

[23]K. Tujioka, T. Yamada, H. Yokogoshi, S. Akiduki, Y. Hishida, K. Tsutsui, K. Hayase, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 63 (2017) 389–395.

[24]S. Suzumura, K. Tujioka, T. Yamada, H. Yokogoshi, S. Akiduki, Y. Hishida, K. Tsutsui, K. Hayase, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 61 (2015) 417–421.

[25]K. Tujioka, T. Yamada, H. Abiko, M. Aoki, K. Morishita, K. Hayase, H. Yokogoshi, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 58 (2012) 346–353.

[26]K. Tujioka, T. Yamada, M. Aoki, K. Morishita, K. Hayase, H. Yokogoshi, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 58 (2012) 297–302.

[27]D. Harada, S. Nagamachi, K. Aso, K. Ikeda, Y. Takahashi, M. Furuse, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 512 (2019) 712–715.

[28]H.P. Shi, R.S. Fishel, D.T. Efron, J.Z. Williams, M.H. Fishel, A. Barbul, J. Surg. Res. 106 (2002) 299–302.

[29]S. Demura, K. Morishita, T. Yamada, S. Yamaji, M. Komatsu, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111 (2011) 2837–2843.

[30]T. Sugino, T. Shirai, Y. Kajimoto, O. Kajimoto, Nutr. Res. 28 (2008) 738–743.